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Darwin's Universe - Sample Chapter
Ecology
Richard Milner
www.ucpress.edu/isbn9780520543767
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[(A)20(t)10(apuer)25(c)17(a )-72(pr)25(o)15(v)15(e)10(s )-72(that )-72(E)15(ur)25(ope )-72(has )-72(been )-72(home )-72(t)20(o )-72(a )-72(v)28(arie)8(t)20(y )-72(o)15(f )-72(hominid )-72(specie)10(s )-72(o)15(v)15(er )-72(the )]TJ
-1.371 -1.343 Td
[(las)10(t )10(million )10(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s)12(. )10(T)15(he )10(e)7(arlie)10(s)10(t )10(hominids )10(in )10(E)15(ur)25(ope )10(who)10(s)10(e )10(bone)10(s )10(ar)25(e )10(pr)25(e)10(s)10(erv)15(ed )10(liv)15(ed )10(1.)60(7 )10(mil-)]TJ
T*
[(lion )-90(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s )-90(ag)20(o )-90(at )-90(what )-90(is )-90(no)15(w )-90(Dmanisi, )-90(in )-90(the )-90(R)10(epublic )-90(o)15(f )-90(Geor)30(gia. )-90(A)20(t)10(apuer)25(c)17(a )-90(sho)15(w)17(s )-90(that )]TJ
T*
[(e)7(arly)]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
[( )31(Homo)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( )31(specie)10(s )31(such )31(as )31(the )31(pr)25(opo)10(s)10(ed )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
19.522 0 Td
[(H. )31(an)5(t)20(ec)17(e)10(s)10(s)10(or)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( )31(w)15(er)25(e )31(als)10(o )31(living )31(in )31(E)15(ur)25(ope )31(800)30(,)25(000 )]TJ
-19.522 -1.343 Td
[(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s )-138(ag)20(o)22(. )-138(T)15(he )-138(hominids )-138(fr)25(om )-138(the )-138(P)20(it )-138(o)15(f )-138(Bone)10(s )-138(w)15(er)25(e )-138(r)25(elat)20(ed )-138(t)20(o )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
30.725 0 Td
[(Homo )-138(ne)7(ander)-10(thalensis)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
(, )Tj
28.589 72.432 Td
[(which, )-41(beginning )-41(s)10(ome )-41(200)30(,)25(000 )-41(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s )-41(ag)20(o)27(, )-41(dominat)20(ed )-41(E)15(ur)25(ope )-41(as )-41(w)15(ell )-41(as )-41(p)8(ar)-10(t)7(s )-41(o)15(f )]TJ
0 -1.343 TD
[(w)15(e)10(s)10(t)20(ern )-46(Asia, )-46(and )-46(per)20(sis)10(t)20(ed )-46(f)22(or )-46(o)15(v)15(er )-46(150)30(,)25(000 )-46(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s)20(\204long)20(er )-46(than )-46(our )-46(o)15(wn )-46(specie)10(s )]TJ
0 -1.343 TD
[(has )-175(e)27(xis)10(t)20(ed. )-175(T)15(hen, )-175(ar)25(ound )-175(40)30(,)25(000 )-175(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s )-175(ag)20(o)27(, )-175(a )-175(ne)15(w )-175(specie)10(s )-175(arriv)15(ed )-175(in )-175(E)15(ur)25(ope)25(, )]TJ
T*
[(pr)25(e)10(sumably )32(fr)25(om )32(A)15(fric)17(a: )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
11.418 0 Td
[(Homo )32(s)10(apiens)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[(. )32(T)15(he)10(s)10(e )32(modern )32(humans )32(w)15(er)25(e )32(s)10(ophis)10(tic)17(at)20(ed )]TJ
-11.418 -1.343 Td
[(ar)-10(tis)10(t)7(s)12(, )1(hunt)20(er)20(s)12(, )1(and )1(t)20(oolmak)15(er)20(s; )1(b)20(y )1(30)30(,)25(000 )1(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s )1(ag)20(o )1(the)22(y )1(had )1(r)25(eplac)17(ed )1(Ne)7(ander-)]TJ
T*
[(thals thr)25(oughout E)15(ur)25(ope)25(.)]TJ
-0.001 Tc 1.371 -1.343 Td
[(See )-1(als)10(o )]TJ
0.002 Tc 7.5 0 1.0541 7.5 736.022 642.544 Tm
[(HOMO ERE)33(C)14(TUS;)]TJ
7.5 0 0 7.5 797.35 642.544 Tm
[( NEANDER)15(THAL MAN)]TJ
0.345 g
/GS1 gs
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.001 Tc 12.25 0 0 12.25 687 613.544 Tm
[(A)24(US)-6(TR)-14(A)-3(L)9(O)-9(P)-1(I)5(TH)-8(E)14(C)2(I)-3(N)-8(E)-13(S)]TJ
0 g
/GS0 gs
0.015 Tc 10 0 0 10 687 599.544 Tm
[(M)-8(a)-8(n)-16(-)13(A)-4(p)-8(e)-12(s o)2(f A)8(fri)-5(c)-17(a)]TJ
0.588 g
/GS1 gs
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 40.5068 0 0 40.5068 685.5419 558.294 Tm
(A)Tj
0 g
/GS0 gs
/T1_1 1 Tf
8.75 0 0 8.75 716.002 581.794 Tm
[(s )-73(A)15(fric)17(an )-73(f)22(o)10(s)10(sil )-73(hominids )-73(c)17(ame )-73(t)20(o )-73(light )-73(o)15(v)15(er )-73(the )-73(p)8(as)10(t )-73(80 )-73(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s)12(, )-73(one )-73(o)15(f )-73(the )]TJ
T*
[(v)15(ery )-34(surprising )-34(dis)10(c)17(o)15(v)15(erie)10(s )-34(w)35(as )-34(that )-34(the )-34(e)7(arly )-34(hominids )-34(w)15(er)25(e )-34(upright )-34(w)35(alk)40(-)]TJ
0 -1.343 TD
[(er)20(s)12(, )-102(e)12(v)15(en )-102(though )-102(the)22(y )-102(had )-102(br)35(ains )-102(the )-102(siz)16(e )-102(o)15(f )-102(a )-102(chimp)25(\220)50(s)12(. )-102(Bef)22(or)25(e )-102(the)10(s)10(e )-102(f)22(o)10(s)20(-)]TJ
-3.314 -1.343 Td
[(sils )17(w)15(er)25(e )17(dis)10(c)17(o)15(v)15(er)25(ed, )17(anthr)25(opologis)10(t)7(s )17(as)10(sumed )17(that )17(upright )17(w)35(alking )17(had )17(de)12(v)15(eloped )]TJ
0 -1.343 TD
[(aft)20(er )-44(the )-44(e)27(xp)8(ansion )-44(o)15(f )-44(br)35(ain )-44(siz)16(e)25(. )-44(Aus)10(tr)35(alopithecine)10(s )-44(w)15(er)25(e )-44(bipedal )-44(ape)10(s)12(. )-44(T)15(he)22(y )-44(had )]TJ
0 -1.343 TD
[(upright )3(po)10(s)10(t)8(ur)25(e )3(and )3(w)35(alk)15(ed )3(bipedally )3(on )3(the )3(gr)25(ound, )3(but )3(the)22(y )3(c)17(er)-10(t)10(ainly )3(lack)15(ed )3(lan-)]TJ
0 -1.343 TD
[(guag)20(e and human cult)8(ur)35(al c)17(ap)8(acitie)10(s)12(.)]TJ
1.371 -1.343 Td
[(Dif)15(\223)]TJ
1.588 0 Td
[( )16(cult )-39(t)20(o )-39(pr)25(onounc)17(e )-39(and )-39(misle)7(ading )-39(in )-39(me)7(aning,)]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.001 Tc 21.829 0 Td
[( )-40(Aus)9(t)-1(r)34(alopithecus )]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.022 Tc 8.485 0 Td
[(re)-17(fe)-22(rs)-22( )-61(to)-22( )-61(a)-22( )]TJ
0 Tc -33.273 -1.343 Td
[(g)20(enus )-60(o)15(f )-60(early )-60(homi)1(nids )-60(th)1(at )-60(w)15(e)1(r)25(e)1( )-60(the )-60(cl)]TJ
-0.008 Tc 19.072 0 Td
[(osest )-68(e)4(v)]TJ
-0.001 Tc 3.817 0 Td
[(olutionary )-61(r)24(e)-1(lativ)14(es )-61(t)20(o )-61(t)-1(he)-1( )-61(g)20(enus )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc -22.89 -1.343 Td
(Homo)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( )-100(and )-100(our )-100(po)10(s)10(sible )-100(anc)17(e)10(s)10(t)20(or)20(s)12(. )-100(Coined )-100(b)20(y )-100(South )-100(A)15(fric)17(an )-100(anat)20(omis)10(t )-101(Ra)15(ymond )]TJ
T*
[(Dar)-10(t )-37(in )-37(19)15(2)45(4 )-37(t)20(o )-37(de)10(s)10(cribe )-37(his )-37(f)20(amous )-37(\215T)125(aung )-37(child\216 )-37(sk)10(ull, )-37(it )-37(me)7(ans )-37(\215)20(s)10(outhern )-37(ape)25(.)50(\216 )]TJ
T*
[(But )-18(sub)8(s)10(equent )-18(dis)10(c)17(o)15(v)15(erie)10(s )-18(sho)15(w)15(ed )-18(the)22(y )-18(w)15(er)25(e )-18(neither )-18(s)10(outhern )-18(nor )-18(clo)10(s)10(e )-18(t)20(o )-18(mod-)]TJ
T*
[(ern )45(ape)10(s)12(. )45(T)15(he)22(y )45(r)35(ang)20(ed )45(o)15(v)15(er )45(the )45(length )45(o)15(f )45(the )45(A)15(fric)17(an )45(c)17(ontinent)10(, )45(fr)25(om )45(s)10(outh )45(and )45(e)7(as)10(t )]TJ
T*
[(t)20(o the nor)-10(thern ar)25(e)7(as o)15(f E)20(thiopia.)]TJ
-0.01 Tc 1.371 -1.343 Td
[(Ra)15(ymond )34(Dar)-10(t )34(and )34(R)10(ober)-10(t )34(Br)25(oom, )34(t)17(w)15(o )34(ph)20(y)20(sicians )34(with )35(a )34(p)8(as)10(sion )34(f)22(or )34(p)8(aleont)20(ology)-10( )]TJ
-0.011 Tc -1.371 -1.343 Td
[(a)-1(n)-1(d)-1( )-46(a)-1(n)-1(a)-1(t)19(o)-1(m)19(y)74(,)-1( )-46(e)-1(f)14(f)21(e)-1(c)-1(t)-1(i)-1(v)14(e)-1(l)-1(y)-1( )-46(b)-1(e)-1(g)19(a)-1(n)-1( )-46(m)-1(o)-1(d)-1(e)-1(r)-1(n)-1( )-46(p)7(a)-1(l)-1(e)-1(o)-1(a)-1(n)-1(t)-1(h)-1(r)24(o)-1(p)-1(o)-1(l)-1(o)-1(g)-1(y)-1( )-46(w)-1(i)-1(t)-1(h)-1( )-46(t)-1(h)-1(e)-1(i)-1(r)-1( )-46(d)-1(i)-1(s)9(c)16(o)14(v)14(e)-1(r)-1(i)-1(e)9(s)-1( )-46(o)14(f)-11( )]TJ
-0.01 Tc T*
[(the )-30(aus)10(tr)35(alopithecine )-30(f)22(o)10(s)10(sils )-30(in )-30(South )-30(A)15(fric)17(a )-30(during )-30(the )-30(19)15(20s )-30(and )-30(19)15(30s)12(. )-30( )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.001 Tc 33.937 0 Td
[(Aus)9(t)-1(r)34(alo-)]TJ
0 Tc -33.937 -1.343 Td
[(pithecus )-116(afric)17(anus)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[(, )-116(the )-116(\223)]TJ
11.522 0 Td
[( )16(r)20(s)10(t )-116(one )-116(f)22(ound )-116(b)20(y )-116(Dar)-10(t)10(, )-116(is )-116(the )-116(smaller)125(, )-116(mor)25(e )-116(lightly )-116(built )]TJ
-11.522 -1.343 Td
[(hominid. )-44(A )-44(lar)30(g)20(er)125(, )-44(mor)25(e )-44(r)25(obus)10(t )-44(g)20(enus)12(, )-44(kno)15(wn )-44(as )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.001 Tc 22.783 0 Td
[(P)50(a)-1(r)34(a)-1(nthr)24(opus)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 Tc 6.202 0 Td
[(, )-44(w)35(as )-44(dis)10(c)17(o)15(v)15(er)25(ed )-44(b)20(y )]TJ
-28.985 -1.343 Td
[(Br)25(oom a f)22(e)15(w y)25(e)7(ar)20(s lat)20(er)125(.)]TJ
1.371 -1.343 Td
[(Se)12(v)15(er)35(al )70(specie)10(s )70(o)15(f )70(\215)40(aus)10(tr)35(alopith)25(\216 )70(ar)25(e )70(curr)25(ently )70(r)25(ec)17(ogniz)16(ed. )70(Some )70(ar)25(e )70(mor)25(e )70(lightly )]TJ
-1.371 -1.343 Td
[(built )29(\(gr)35(acile)40(\), )29(such )29(as )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
10.557 0 Td
[(Aus)10(tr)35(alopithecus )29(afric)17(anus)12(,)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( )29(fr)25(om )29(South )29(and )29(E)15(as)10(t )29(A)15(fric)17(a, )29(and )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-10.557 -1.343 Td
[(A. )-141(af)20(ar)25(ensis )]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
6.013 0 Td
(and )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
2.175 0 Td
[(A. )-141(anamensis)12(,)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( )-141(fr)25(om )-141(E)15(as)10(t )-141(A)15(fric)17(a )-141(and )-141(E)20(thiopia. )-141(T)15(he)22(y )-141(w)15(er)25(e )-141(about )]TJ
-8.188 -1.343 Td
[(thr)25(ee )19(t)20(o )19(f)22(our )19(f)22(ee)8(t )19(t)10(all, )19(with )19(arms )19(long)20(er )19(than )19(in )19(humans )19(but )19(shor)-10(t)20(er )19(than )19(in )19(modern )]TJ
T*
[(ape)10(s)12(, )-175(and )-175(w)15(er)25(e )-175(pr)25(ob)8(ably )-175(s)10(till )-175(g)20(ood )-175(climber)20(s)12(. )-175(T)15(heir )-175(leg)10(s)12(, )-175(and )-175(pelvis)10(e)10(s)12(, )-175(ho)15(w)15(e)12(v)15(er)125(, )]TJ
-0.001 Tc T*
[(indic)17(at)19(e )-30(that )-30(the)21(y )-30(w)34(alk)14(ed )-30(upright)9(.)-1( )-30(Some )-30(o)14(f)-1( )-30(their )-30(f)19(a)-1(c)17(e)9(s )-30(w)14(e)-1(r)24(e)-1( )-30(\224)]TJ
28.17 0 Td
[( )15(at)14(t)20(e)-1(r )-30(t)-1(han )-30(in )-30(modern )]TJ
0 Tc -28.17 -1.343 Td
[(ape)10(s)12(, )27(but )27(jut )27(out )27(f)20(ar)-10(ther )27(than )27(in )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
14.696 0 Td
[(Homo)22(.)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
( )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
3.317 0 Td
[(Aus)10(tr)35(alopithecus )27(anamensis)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( )27(is )27(the )27(olde)10(s)10(t )27(o)15(f )]TJ
-18.013 -1.343 Td
[(the )20(aus)10(tr)35(alopiths)12(, )20(dat)20(ed )20(at )20(ar)25(ound )20(f)22(our )20(million )20(y)25(e)7(ar)20(s)12(, )20(and )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
26.575 0 Td
[(A. )20(afric)17(anus)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( )20(is )20(s)10(ome)15(what )]TJ
-26.575 -1.343 Td
[(y)25(oung)20(er )-51(at )-51(t)17(w)15(o )-51(t)20(o )-51(thr)25(ee )-51(million)1(. )-51(P)50(aleoanthr)25(opologis)10(t)7(s )-51(belie)12(v)15(e )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
28.84 0 Td
[(A. )-51(af)20(ar)25(ensis )]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
5.833 0 Td
[(ma)15(y )-51(be )]TJ
-34.673 -1.343 Td
[(anc)17(e)10(s)10(tr)35(al t)20(o )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
(Homo)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
[( as w)15(ell as t)20(o other aus)10(tr)35(alopithecine)10(s)12(. )]TJ
-0.01 Tc 1.371 -1.343 Td
[(T)110(w)15(o )-58(lar)30(g)20(er)125(, )-58(he)7(a)15(vy)10(-boned )-58(aus)10(tr)35(alopithecine)10(s )-58(ar)25(e )-58(r)25(ec)17(ogniz)16(ed: )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.011 Tc 27.419 0 Td
[(P)49(a)-1(r)34(a)-1(n)-1(t)-1(h)-1(r)24(o)-1(p)-1(u)-1(s)-1( )-59(r)24(o)-1(b)-1(u)-1(s)19(-)]TJ
-0.018 Tc -28.79 -1.343 Td
[(tu)-8(s)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.01 Tc 1.393 0 Td
[( )51(and )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
2.193 0 Td
[(P)180(. )51(bois)10(ei)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[(, )51(and )51(a )51(slightly )51(e)7(arlier )51(f)22(orm )51(c)17(alled )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.011 Tc 18.888 0 Td
[(Aus)9(t)-1(r)34(alopithecus )50(ae)8(thiopicusi)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.008 Tc [(. )53(F)73(o)2(r-)]TJ
-0.01 Tc -22.473 -1.343 Td
[(merly )30(kno)15(wn )30(as )]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.011 Tc 7.373 0 Td
[(Z)-1(i)-1(n)-1(j)-1(a)-1(n)-1(t)-1(h)-1(r)24(o)-1(p)-1(u)-1(s)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.01 Tc 6.29 0 Td
(, )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.534 0 Td
[(P)50(ar)35(anthr)25(opus )30(bois)10(ei)]TJ
/T1_1 1 Tf
[(, )30(or )30(\215Nut)20(cr)35(ack)15(er )30(Man,)50(\216 )30(had )30(he)7(a)15(vy )30(grinding)-10( )]TJ
0 Tc -14.197 -1.343 Td
[(m)10(o)10(l)10(a)10(r)10( )-128(t)30(e)10(e)18(t)10(h)10( )-128(a)10(n)10(d)10( )-128(b)10(o)10(n)30(y)10( )-128(c)10(r)35(e)20(s)20(t)17(s)10( )-128(t)10(h)10(a)10(t)10( )-128(s)10(u)10(p)10(p)10(o)10(rt)30(e)10(d)10( )-128(s)20(t)10(r)35(o)10(n)10(g)10( )-128(j)10(a)25(w)10( )-128(m)10(u)10(s)20(c)10(l)10(e)20(s)22(.)10( )-128(T)25(h)10(e)10( )-128(h)10(e)17(a)25(v)10(y)85(,)10( )-128(l)10(a)10(r)40(g)30(e)10(-)10(t)30(o)10(o)10(t)10(h)10(e)10(d )]TJ
-0.011 Tc T*
[(f)21(orms )16(w)14(e)-1(r)24(e)-1( )16(at )16(\223)]TJ
-0.01 Tc 6.789 0 Td
[( )12(r)20(s)10(t )17(thought )17(t)20(o )17(be )17(a )17(lat)20(er )17(side )17(br)35(anch )17(o)15(f )17(the )17(hominid )17(f)20(amily)75(, )16(but )17(it )17(no)15(w )17(appe)7(ar)20(s)-10( )]TJ
-6.789 -1.343 Td
[(that )-113(the)10(s)10(e )-113(pr)25(e)10(sumed )-113(\215)25(de)10(s)10(c)17(endant)7(s)20(\216 )-113(c)17(oe)27(xis)10(t)20(ed )-113(in )-113(the )-113(s)10(ame )-113(time)10(s )-113(and )-113(plac)17(e)10(s )-113(in )-113(A)15(fric)17(a )-113(with)-10( )]TJ
T*
[(s)10(ome o)15(f the smaller)125(, mor)25(e lightly built \215)40(anc)17(e)10(s)10(tr)35(al\216 specie)10(s)12(.)]TJ
0 Tc 1.371 -1.343 Td
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